Topic:
The diagram below shows the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.
Summarize the information and make comparisons where possible.
We have been given a pictorial representation of the water cycle.
A glance at the image reflects that although the oceans contain plenty of water,
the availability of fresh water is a continuous process.
To commence with, the heat of the sun causes evaporation, that is ocean water
evaporates to form water vapor which rises. Around 80% of the total water vapor in the air is from the oceans. As the vapor rises,
it condenses or cools down to form clouds, which float towards land to cause precipitation or rainfall. In higher, mountainous
regions, the cold weather results in snowfall.
Some of the rain water accumulates, in lakes while a lot of it penetrate the
ground along with the surface runoff from hills to form groundwater. Rivers are also formed when snow melts. Almost all the rivers
empty out into seas or oceans. As the river water and ground water near the oceans or seas, there is an intrusion of salt water,
that is salt water is mixed with the river and underground water. (174 words)
Topic: The diagram below shows how leather goods are manufactured. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting
the main features, and makes comparisons where relevant.
We have been given a pictorial representation of how animal skins are processed and used in the manufacturing of leather goods.
On the whole, we can see that all the equipment and steps required for
converting animal skin into leather suitable for producing items have been clearly shown in the process diagram. Most of the steps
appear to be manual.
To commence with animal skins are dried, generally outside slaughter houses. The
dried skins are transported to a factory where they are washed with lime and water first, and then soaked in a lime solution. After
a while, the skins are passed through a flattening machine where they are stretched.
The next step is the most important step in the leather manufacturing process
called tanning. Here the skins are soaked in a solution of water and vegetable matter, post which they are polished, then
transported to factories that manufacture leather goods like shoes, bags, sports items and so on. (159 words)
Topic: Refer to the flow diagram of the apple jam manufacturing process. Describe it in words in the form of a technical
summary. (At least 150 words).
We have been given a process diagram which details how apple jam is made from raw apples.
On the whole we can see that the flow of the process has been clearly detailed starting with the sorting the apples and the
final dispatch.
Firstly, raw apples are delivered at a jam manufacturing unit. These apples are sorted, washed and cleaned. They then undergo
a crushing process. The crushed pulp is placed in a vessel where water, lime juice and sucrose are added to it. This vessel is then
kept in a chamber where the contents are boiled. After a while, the vessel is removed from this chamber and the contents are allowed
to cool down and set.
In the final step, while the cooked pulp that is the jam is cooling, the jars in which they have to be stored are washed and
sanitized. The cooled down jam is then filled into the jars, the jars are labelled and stored for a while, before dispatch. (165 words).
Topic:
The diagram below shows how salt is removed from seawater to make it drinkable. Summarise the information by selecting
and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
We have been given a pictorial representation of the process used to convert sea water into drinkable water.
On the whole, the picture clearly details each and every step and equipment required for treating sea water.
To begin with, sea water is pumped through a pre-treatment filter where some solid impurities are filtered out. The clean
water is then pumped with high pressure through a membrane, while the residue water from the filter is pumped back into the sea.
Due to the force in the second step, sea water concentrate with salt and impurities exits from one outlet of this filter and is
pumped back into the sea while the cleaner water is sent to the next process.
The third step, involves treating the water from the second step with lime, chorine and fluoride. These chemicals remove the
soluble impurities from the water and the clean water is stored before it is passed through the city’s integrated water supply
system. (158 words).
Topic:
The diagrams show a structure that is used to generate electricity from wave power. Summarize the information by selecting and
reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
We have been given a pictorial representation of the process of generation of electricity using wave energy.
On the whole, we can see that the structure for the same has to be setup on the sea shore, against a cliff or a sea wall.
Further, the structure consists of a chamber and a column with a turbine inside it. The structure is open from the top.
In the first step, the wave enters the chamber. Due to the force of the wave, the air pressure inside the chamber increases,
pushing the air upwards. This rotates the turbine and electricity is generated. This is indicated by a bulb fixed next to the
chamber and connected with the turbine, as it glows.
In the second stage, when the wave recedes, the air pressure inside the chamber reduces, hence air enters the chamber from
the top, again rotating the turbine and generating electricity, indicated by the lit-up bulb. (155 words).
Topic: The diagrams below show how sand dunes are formed.
Summarize the information and make comparisons where relevant.
We have been given a pictorial representation of how sand dues are formed from
sand particles.
Overall, we can see that the wind drives the sand particle over the dry ground to
the wet ground where they collect and create sand dunes, in three stages.
The first diagram reflects the first stage wherein the particles are blown by the
wind over the dry, sandy ground and two areas of wet ground. The second picture shows the second phase where the wind continues to
blow the particles along the ground, but some of the particles settle on the patches of wet ground in separate piles.
The third diagram depicts the final stage where the wind actually lifts the
particles from the ground due to the accumulation of so many sand particles on the wet ground and they eventually gather en masse,
forming layers up on layers over the previously settled particles, thereby giving rise to a sand dune. (157 words).
Topic: The images below explain the process of how pollutants from modern
life become acid rain that in turn pollutes the environment and the food chain. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting
the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words.
We have been given a pictorial representation of the various factors that spew
chemical pollutants in the contemporary world that get absorbed into clouds and how these clouds emit acid rain that re-pollutes
land, crops etc across countries.
Overall, it can be seen that human need for comfort and luxury eventually
backfires on them when their activities release pollutants in the air, and the resultant acid rain further pollutes their food
sources and water.
To initiate, emissions from household gadgets like air conditioners, cars,
industries and power plants release chemicals like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and other compounds into the
atmosphere. These chemicals get absorbed in the water vapor that form clouds. Winds and the rotation of the earth causes the
polluted clouds to move from one place to the other.
As the polluted water droplets in the clouds grow, they eventually become too
heavy to stay suspended in the sky and fall into the ground, over mountains, trees, rivers and lakes as acid rain, thereby
polluting the soil which many be used to grow food or the water which is consumed by humans or animals. Hence, the air pollution
created by humanity results in their very food source getting polluted. (200 words).
Topic: The given diagram gives details of how potato chips are manufactured in bulk. Summarize the information.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting
the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words.
We have been given a diagrammatical representation of the manufacturing process
of potato chips.
On the whole, it can be seen that only the first process of checking the potato
quality is manual, all the other processes are automated. Further, the diagram clearly represents all the stages involved in the
manufacturing process, including the equipment used.
To start with, the quality of the potatoes to be used are physically checked,
then they are sent to a washer where they are washed. Post this, the potatoes are passed through a peeler where they are peeled,
and the starch is removed. The peels and starch are ejected from one pipe of the machine while the potatoes come out of the other
and are transported via a bucket conveyor to the slicer. Cold rinse water is sprayed into the slicer.
In the next step, all the potatoes are sliced in the slicer. The sliced potatoes
are moved to a flatbed conveyor where air is blown over them to dry them. The conveyor empties out into a deep frier where the
potatoes are fried, after which they are transferred to another conveyor belt where they are salted first by a salter before moving
to either a bag packer machine or a bulk can filling machine. (184 words).
